In addition to the male suffix -ec, that was previously discussed because of the Vidovic-Muha (), the research along with identifies brand new Slovenian masculine suffix -ar
The initial part of the papers is about the fresh new derivation out-of feminine and masculine nouns to have specialities within the English and you may Slovenian. The research means that the brand new principal particular female nouns for the one another dialects concerns derivation via affixation, if you are English comes with the compounding. Masculinatives try unusual in both dialects; he could be primarily molded about professions which were traditionally thought part of the female areas. The newest suffix isn’t productive but could remain noticed in the expression babicar (‘male midwife’). The most effective difference in both dialects is the fact contemporary English appears to be leaving the usage gender-noted models (apart from the latest uncommon feminatives one to remain), while for the Slovenian, just like the confirmed because of the corpus studies, the use of feminatives is on the rise. The explanation for this asymmetry is rooted in the point that English possess an almost non-existent grammatical gender program, and often spends a similar words to spell it out a good male or female doing work in a particular job. Therefore, when it comes to female referents the effective use of women nouns is starting to become prominent, once the accessibility masculine simple forms is found on the new decline.
Our very own corpus investigation shows that the differences anywhere between masculine and you can feminine nouns having specialities would be best revealed by the exploring their collocators, semantic needs, and you will semantic associations (Sinclair 1996 and Philip 2010).
Slovenian nouns denoting procedures possess clear referents for gender, and their modern-day explore – confirmed into the corpora – suggests a very clear inclination to your agreement anywhere between grammatical and biological adultfriendfinder studiepoeng genders
The latest collocators from English male and female nouns to the examined procedures (actress/star, policewoman/cop from inside the waitress/waiter) demonstrates that it display some semantic environments: associated professions; places and landscape regarding the occupation; personal names; conditions discussing the standard of what they do; as well as the typical measures from the occupation. Certain specific associative definitions are also found when we check the latest collocators detailing people attributes and look. Brand new feminatives usually co-can be found which have expressions to have stereotypically female characteristics and you will personality (and sexual
connotations). This is certainly in accordance with Caldas-Coulthard and you will Moonlight (2010), exactly who establish such asymmetries that have stereotypes from gender, sexualization of females, and additionally as we grow older and you may behaviour.
Slovenian male/feminine sets to have procedures let you know similar results. Out of semantic preference, we are able to observe expressions linked to typical strategies; typical cities and you may landscape; related professions; character traits; and look. The corpus research as well as reveal particular significant differences. Brand new sets away from Slovenian male and you will feminine nouns making reference to procedures might be put into a couple communities. The first you to constitutes sets which can be semantically similar and you will stylistically un), as the sets throughout the next classification try susceptible to (a level of) semantic narrowing and you can stylistic establishing.
A prototype towards the first classification is the few zdravnica/zdravnik (‘female/men doctor’), each of which can co-can be found that have phrases referring to the kind of functions, normal procedures and you will related procedures. The female nouns such pairs is stylistically unmarked. An identical conclusion will likely be attained with the pairs sodnica/sodnik (‘female/male judge’) and vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj (‘female/men preschool teacher’), but with a caveat. The type of the pair sodnica/sodnik overlap regarding sphere from law and you can sport; not, the knowledge plus reflect the fresh new social updates of the career – the very first positions (elizabeth.g., constitutional judges) continue to be primarily reserved for males. The pair vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj can be described as an excellent borderline situation between marked and unmarked meaning. The new corpus research suggest a degree of semantic narrowing and you can stylistic marking: the meaning from “teacher inside students dormitory” relates to guys, because the use of adjectives (patient female and you may rigorous guys) factors to gender stereotyping.