2.2 Complications with current study
While the dowry was legitimately banned within the Asia and you will Bangladesh, some one always think twice to tell you specific dowry quantity. The high quality concern towards dowry on Indian dataset requires about community-built dowry. Including, the newest India https://kissbrides.com/blog/countries-with-the-most-beautiful-women/ Person Development Questionnaire requires “Essentially in your neighborhood to possess a family such as yours, do you know the sorts of points that are offered since gift ideas in the course of the brand new daughter’s relationship?” A residential district-situated dowry is not necessarily the just like an individual dowry, which is repaid by bride’s mothers at the time of relationships. Instead, the question out-of dowry allows simply a digital address, we.elizabeth., even if a confident level of dowry is paid off (age.g., Survey toward Position of women and you can Fertility both in India and you may Pakistan). A digital answer, definitely, cannot offer far much more information. The norm out of whether a positive dowry amount is offered corresponds so you’re able to, which will be largely said by, ethnic, religious, and you may caste experiences when you look at the Southern Asia.
As dowry is not legitimately blocked in Pakistan, the total amount personally paid off from the women respondent’s mothers will likely be expected rather than booking in the an effective Pakistani dataset including the Pakistan Rural House Survey. Whether or not Pakistani interviewees may not intentionally keep hidden correct information about dowry techniques, the survey can get nevertheless contain remember problems while the respondents must bear in mind the newest dowry count repaid because of the the moms and dads in the past. Contour 1a plots of land brand new predicted level of real dowry opinions mentioned inside Pakistani Rupees inside 2004 onto matrimony seasons using analysis regarding the brand new Pakistan Outlying Domestic Questionnaire. Because the opinion is the fact real dowry wide variety is actually broadening, or perhaps display a non-decreasing pattern, the fresh profile means all round inclination from keep in mind problems. In other words, the fresh stretched this new gap within interviewees’ wedding in addition to bear in mind day, the more likely he or she is so you can overestimate the fresh dowry number.
Dating anywhere between ladies’ ounts. New line suggests the forecast real level of dowry regressed on the ladies’ relationship season. The shady urban area shows 95% count on period of your own predicted number of dowry. The info sources of (a) and you may (b) is Pakistan Rural Family Questionnaire 2004, plus the rural domestic survey held of the blogger during the 2013, respectively
3 Investigation
On the good our knowledge, research built-up in this studies are definitely the first to adopt explicitly an over-all habit of overestimate a cost paid back extended back. Just as the features of in earlier times amassed research, ours are retrospective; not, centered on which inclination, i particularly used specific services to reduce questionnaire keep in mind problems. Such as, we requested the amount of one another people-dependent dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry number repaid in the course of the fresh respondent’s relationships (retrospective). Given that Pakistani dowry contains silver/precious jewelry, clothes, chairs, cooking equipment, and stuff like that, i queried dowry number from the goods. Whenever we thought good respondent’s overestimation of your own dowry matter, especially in the situation out of a married relationship one taken place a good long-time in the past, since dowry was demonstrated, we are able to and you will performed examine these wide variety having individuals who attended the brand new ceremony. Therefore, the data with the predict genuine quantities of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not inform you any decreasing trend, having said that that have those claimed in Fig. 1a.
step three.1 Survey
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land 12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).